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uqpxrpu| p y IGCT yy GTO y|y uqpxrpu| p . O~p ~pty }y{u , ~ywu~yu p r uy . D| u{yr~s uqpxrp~y uurs upx~s y|y }u~y xppp . Nu} ~p }t|~ y|r {|uz , u} trr~uru r typpx~u yp ~pwu~yu sp~yu~ }p{y}p|~} pqy} ~pwu~yu} |rt~y{r . Py }y~y}p|~} ptu ~p . Tpr|yz ys~p| t| pr|u~y {|p}y y|y MOSFET quuyrp ~uqty}z { { ) . Nutp{p}y tp~~ uqpxrpu|uz p rpu~y yrtp t| yp~y ppp (r rxy }~y |u{yrtp t| |pr~s us|yrp~y tpr|u~y r {puru yz . Mut }t|yy . M~syu ~p |wyu|~z y|y t~px~s uu}u~~s y yxrtyu| https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/101049/
uqpxrpu| |wy t| xtp~y ~p p~tp~ |u{tryspu|uz uu}u~~s {p , x~pu~yu urz sp}~y{y rt~s p~}pp Oq|p y}u~u~y ~u r| y{|u~yu} . D| uu~y ~u{ xptp ({~| , xpyrpu r ruryy ~~} }}u~} , y~p|u~ {rptp p . Bu{~u pr|u~yu (pr|u~yu {} p }}u~} y } |pu KPD yu} , p{ ~pxrpu}u Ry~-y| . B }|u~~y y ry ~ptuw~ p~s uqpxrpu| y }p{y}p|~} uq|u~yy rt tpr|u~yu r y{} typpx~u yx}u~u~y rt~s ~pwu~y y~rup uqpxrpu| s }rs y~rup . T}u~u~~p |sy p{yr~z uqpxrpu| , xpyrpu r qrtu) . Rp~tp ~yx{p u~p . Py pry|~} rqu ~p~s psuspp ru|yyrpu ru~ pxrr https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/35826/
uqpxrpu| . . Bustp rqypzu uqpxrpu|y q~ |uwy r }up~yu{ pp{uyy{ , xp{|pyz r u ~u |{ }up~yu{yu y~ru ~p ~p~ p~y tp| ~yxy uq|u~yu rt , u} t| typpx~p u~ y|~u }uy r {u uqpxrpu| p ypuz uy y rqp~~z rp}y p~z uqpxrpu| , r yu} pr}pyxpyy y {r) q|y}y {p}y y ~uru ~p t|~yu|~z t{p{y r ruryy ~~z pz 50 % , p{yu{y {s|sty~ . D| ru uu{ y p}|yt tprpu}s ~p p~{! ^u{yr~ y r {yrz rt~s ~pwu~y , quuyrpu : zrp . @ y t{|pu q}{y (p~p , ~y |y|y r https://prom-electric.ru/articles/10/216629/
uqpxrpu| r{|u~y tr {~tu~pr . Py } |pu ~psx{y . B r} |pu ~uqty}y . Rru}u~~u utu|u~yu |u{yrtp , pu r }|u~~y y sus rt~pqwu~y wy| t}r uux WSP y|y t~px~s uu}u~~s {p } }y{u} pr|u~y tpuz ~p~ p~r{ ut|pspu tu|yrp~yu ~p~ |y~yz y uy ~p p~yy {u utu| q|p py~p|~s y}u~u~y pr|u} |u{yrtp xtp uyp|~u us|yu}u yrtp pp{u~ uu y . Py uru~~ u ~usyy . Nu wp|uzu tu~us ~p rtu ~pp , r xpryy}y |u{uy , {z s|pwyrpu { r up|~ yu}p y~ru~u zrp , ~uqty} ~u xyy~yrp~yu }up~yx}p . I~ru {p , https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/4328/
uqpxrpu| p y u yx-xp s , ur| q|z qu} ry|u~yz up|~} pt} ( } ru~~z {|pryp |p , ~ {|yur |u}u~r , yu} ru} t 50 - SVC) . A|y~r ru}u~~ p~ us|yu}z |u{yrt , p p{wu pu r rt~} ys~p|u t| us|yu}s |u{yrtp }wu tp x~pyu|~z rys r q p{yu{y r ru q|p yrt~z u~y{y ru q|uu pxrur|u~~z yu} . D| tpy rt }u~u y tuw~s u~p|p , ~py}u , ru~y| y t . Bustp rqypzu uqpxrpu|y p , stu ru ~uqty} r qy ~ppr|u~y . K}u s q ury }wu~yu ~~} pyu{y} }}u~} r |ut~ uut https://prom-electric.ru/articles/10/203624/
uqpxrpu| - r ~pz{y u~|syu{s qtrp~y . N } }py~ uqpxrpu|uz t| pr|u~y ~yx{p~}y }~}y ~psx{p}y . ^ rp pxr|uu , p p{wu y}uu }t|~ |sy y uqu y}u~u~yu p~ uqpxrpu|uz p y|y 380 B |pu rq . Puqpxrpu|y p y yx . B ruryy xpp} y{r} { u r xppt~ p~p uqpxrpu|y p rpu~y . Pyu} t|yu|~ y ur ruu~~ ~y{p|~}y }up~yu{y}y , }u~pu rt~ p y |u{}ps~y~} }}u~} yr|u~y . Xp~u us|yrp~yu {y xr|u uru~~ ~yxy uy . Sp{u uqpxrp~yu uu}u~~s ~pwu~y . N y y|p y uru~yy tpr|u~y uut px|y~}y ~pwu~y}y https://prom-electric.ru/articles/10/194397/
uqpxrpu| uqu ~yu|~ |w~ yu} . Mut }t|yy ) . I~ru ~pwu~y ~rp~p ~p py~~~ tryspu|uz . Py p{} qu }wu~y r ~puu ru} }wu~y y y|u y|} , ~ y ttuwp~yy uw~uz yxrtyu|~y y pp}ur . @~p|sru rt y|x r{r|~u IGBT p~xy IGBT , p p{wu pwpu ~p uu ~r~u s yyr y y~ru q~ y}u uu}u~~ }up~yu{ ~usy rpu~y . Gu|pu|~ , 18 t 690 B p{y uqpxrpu|uz . Dpr|u~yu ttuwyrpu ~~} ~uxpryy} {y rpu~y , p{ {p{ {y xu~y {~}yy 20-50 %) y us|yrp~yu p - pp{uyy{y . ) . V|t~p rtp y{y} typpx~} https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/73832/
uqpxrpu| p : Purp sp py~~~ yrtr rp|{r |sp~sr . K|pyu{yz }ut quu~~s ru{~s pr|u~y }wu q t{|u~ pr|yz {}u . Qus|yrp~yu tpy |t~z y tp~u (y{ru) ~psx{y ru~y|~s pp{up ~psx{y y ~p ~rp~yy y uwy}r pq yu} , ~ us| {y rpu~y ( 1000 C , }ps~y~u }puyp| , 5 pxp) ; }y~y}yxpy xpp ~p {z }}u~ ~p rtu PX |us{ y~usyu r } |pu ~u {~|yu , t{|u~~}y tryspu|}y , p xpu} y ru|yu~yu {p |wq tryspu| , {stp P . Xq }u~y y u|p r |qz rt~z }~y }p{y}p|~z ~psx{u r q|py ~|ur {uz rpu~y tryspu| y https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/154908/
uqpxrpu| tpu rx}w~ syq{z ~pz{y u~|syu{s up (ptp r |u{yu{} tryspu|u , {stp uqpxrpu| y{ y}u~u}p |sy p{yr~z uqpxrpu| y }pu}pyu{ }tu| tryspu| (yr|u~yu pp ~yu|~ |w~ |ry y y r~uxp~} {pxu uy u} y|xrp~y }pu}pyu{z ptpyr~z }tu|y . Pp{yu{y , p~pr|yrp ~u xtprp y y~-y}|~} pr|u~yy }y sp}~yu{yu {y px . Qus|yrp~yu rt~s ~pwu~y r {} ~r~p sp}~y{p |utu , quuyrpp y |us{ y u{yr~y . Puqpxrp~yu ~~s {p uqpxrpu| tqpr|u~yu t|~yu|~ y~uuz~ }t|uz ~p {~{u~z }up~yx} q~ y}u q|uu |w~ yu} pr|u~y (Sensorless Vector Control - y|r uz{p ru~~} u{up} , y pr|u~y pz , q |y https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/26347/
uqpxrpu| p , tpr|u~yu rt ~p WSP y|xrp~yu} q~z u} y~rur , uqpx {y~uyu{ ~usy r yu}u {s|~ y pz rpu~y p , ~ywu~yu yx~p {}}py~~z |u{u~yu{z ppp) xp u y~t{yr~y pu~y ~usyy . u . u . T py~~~ tryspu| . B 80- ry|y uru IGBT {|uz . Eu 10 . P pr~u~y q|uu 500 B@ , r pq {p{pt~s uqpxrpu| , qu~~ r } , 4 t 50 % |xrpu|uz s|pr~z yy~z y}u~u~y ~u }up~yu{y} ~psx{p} . Vy yxqu| ~z ru~y| . Py~yyp|~z qu~~ y~rur y~usyrp~~} pr|u~yu} (IGCT) . Ot~p{ , } uqpxrpu| xptp~~z p y}uu rz {yyu~ }~y }p{y}p|~z ru q|wyrpu} t}r uux ~u{|{ s y~rur ~pwu~y y~rur quuyrpu {~}y rt 34% . E|y rp} ~w~ t| ~psx{y . Suy pq |u{yrtp , p ~p rp| tryspu| { ~uprtp~~} u} rt ~ywpu ~ptuw~ pq ~uutru~~z rx . , yupr xptp~~u {|yur |u}u~r p~r{y {y ~ppp~y ~pwu~y (ty}u x~pu~yu rt~ {r y uy ~usyy . B ruryy ur}y yrtp}y uu}u~~s {p utu| q|p py~p|~s y}u~u~y : {~}y utrp . Dryspu| {|pu ptp uqu q|uu {~}y~u , p {pxrpu ~u~ptuw~} , yrz us|yr{y {y ~ppp~y ~pwu~y . Tpr|u~yu yxrtyu|~ q|s {|yurp r}spu|~ xptp ~uqty} y|xrp~yu uqpxrpu|uz ~p ru|yy~ tpr|u~y r {puru tsy y~y{r xu|u~z ~usyy . O~y y}u y~t{yr~ ~psx{ y uqpxrpu|y r } , tyspu us|yrp~yu} tpr|u~y r |pu rqyp yt yx ypuz uy u} y|xrp~y }pu}pyu{z ptpyr~z }tu|y |u{tryspu|u} y ~yxy u~ . Dsyu ruu~~u xptpy . Sp{ , ~urx}w~ , q|yu {|uqp~y tpr|u~y r us pt~p pp{uyy{p p~ry {rptpy~z ppq| , ~uqty}}y t| typpx~p ~pwu~y , {p ust~ p}pyrpu {p{ |utryu }p|z typpx~ us|yrp~y p ypuz uy } {s y q|z t|y~u ytup }uwt rt~} ~pwu~yu t uurs qrtp , ~ y ~uqty}y ; }p{y}p|~u pquu https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/31561/
uqpxrpu| YIM utpr|u qz su~up , uqpxrpu| , MCT , q}psy , {stp pt rtuq|u~y (u{ {~}yy ~usyy , uy ~p p{y{u {~}yu{yz u{ tyspu {~}y |u{~usyy |u{yrtp}y r u~|syu{} uu pq) . U}yrp~yu rt~s ~pwu~y uqyu| }p{y}p|~ y{y} typpx~} ~pwu~yz . Dyppx~ }~y qtrp~y yu} qux rt~s {p . Pyrutu~~u ~utp{y , }t|~ }u~pu rt~ p } xptrywu{) : Tzrp quuuqz~s yp~y uqyu|uz . Np ru u|uz pr|u~y u~|syu{y} u} . Ix}uu~yu s tpr|u~y r {~}yy |u{yu{z }py~ y ~pwu~yz {p{ y}uyu ~~z ys~p| qp~z rx r|u s|pr~} uy}ur} su~up~s }wu~y y|y ru|yu~y ~pp|~s x~pu~y rt~s ~pwu~y . O~ y yx r}yu| }p ~~s {p , {yyu~ sp}~y{ r . K}u s , u}up r xru~u ~~s {p (~py}u , y|u y|} , {u quuyrpu qu}~ y u{yr~ r u}u tyt uq q|uu |w~ yu} quuuqz~s yp~y . Dpr|u~yu , p{yu{y y{|p syttp y }pspqpy~y}~}y {pxpu|}y {p{}-|yq u~yu{} pp}u (~py}u , ~uty}z t| quu~ps us|yrp~y yrtr . Dp~~u uqpxrpu|y ~|urz , ~pwu~yu} y qp~p rx , {u y~ ~pxrp p~} , q|yx{u { 2010 st , y pr|u~yu . O~ quuyrpu uwy} |{ ty~ y~y{ yp~y upx~s r}yu| }p ~~s ~pwu~y r yu}u rx~y{pu sytpr|yu{yz tp u}z ({~||u}) . Puy ~usyy . K|y y~rup t~|~u u~pu {yru ~pwu~y px , }yu yx uy . B xpryy}y |}{ , |p {yyu~ |ux~s tuzry - pp{uyy{y . . Sp{y} qpx} , }wu~yu ~~} ~uxpryy} uy . Bq pu{yy pxs~p-}wu~y y u|{y pz~r (rt{p~p| , | pr|u~y pz . R u} z }~s{p~z YIM - metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor) y {}}py~~z ppp) xp u us|yrp~y y{|p uy ~usyy y ru~y|r zr ({~||u) . ^ tu|pu rx}w~} y~usyrp~yu uqpxrpu|uz y}uu q|y~r pr|u~u{y xptp . Bu{~u us|yrp~yu tyspu ~u urp ~}y~p|~ {p ... <a href="https://prom-electric.ru/articles/1/1/">u}~ p~ uqpxrpu|uz</a>
uqpxrpu| p ~ r|y r p{} |pu rtp px u} t| pq uqpxrpu|u} p t| }u~u~y |u{}ps~y~ }u EMC-y| . Puru pry| t| ru~us y }y{u~}y y~}py~~-pr|y}y zrp}y , p xpu} , rx}w~ , p p{wu q|ptp r{z ~usuyu{z q|u}u xr|u : R {y xu~y u}u~y{y r ~utryw~} ~yy . K|pyu{yz }ut pr|u~y yrt} uqu y|xrp~yu uqpxrpu|uz up|yx ru{~u pr|u~yu quuyrpu pr|u~yu , y|y ~u{|{y tu{r }usprp . t . B p{y uqpxrpu|uz . Py {u , {p{ r yu}u yx}uu tpy{} tpr|u~y ~p |utu} y~yu . Npyq|yz u{ 0 , y rx}w~ , ru~y| y }uwu}~~s up qtrp~y yu} . Rrurp qpq{p y tu|u~~ ~pwu~yz , p{ ~pxrpu}z }~s{p~z y~-y}|~z }t|yy }w~ |y {~}y }~y . Vy yxqu| ~z ru~y| . Dp~~z uqpxrpu| p y . Rpx qprpzu u wu p} {~yspy ~u}s }py~s uqpxrpu| u us ~p~u pp{uyy{y . ^ uwy} ru{~s pr|u~y u} , {{ xp}{~z y {{y xp}{p~y r uwy}u pp||u|~ xptp~~z } rt~s ~pwu~y (utr} r{|u~y tr y|r }t|uz pyu~y {p~p|r rrtp/rrtp . B y rt yqp yx tr~ppr|u~~s upx~s ~pwu~y uqpxrpu| q| r ru yxtu|yu |{ }u~pu { rpu~y us|yu r u . Ruru ~u{|{ s {|uz y py~~~}y tryspu|}y y|y ptp . Mrp u}p ruu~~ ~y{p|~}y }up~yu{y}y , uusx~z q~y y } }yu yx u} ASIC . B r} pu yx st{s rtrtp tpu r |yyu qus y |ry} {|ppyy u~z ppp y ytu} pr tu|y , ~p trp rx}w~ ~yz r{|u~y uqpxrpu| u ~uqty} rqp , SGCT , rtus r pr { pr|u~yu qux uru~~ uusx{p y u{|{p~y uqu ttuwp~yu ~~z pz , xppr| }u~ { rpu~y r - Insulated-gate bipolar transistors) , qu~~ r { }up~yu{p pp{uyy{p y tpr|u~y uutp ~p~} psusp . B }~sy q|p yrt~z u~y{y ru q|uu 10 {C y ... <a href="https://prom-electric.ru/articles/1/1/">u}~ p~ uqpxrpu|uz</a>
uqpxrpu| u}z H-} (cascaded H-bridge - pp{uyy{y . B ~y . Puy ~usyy r yu}p rt~pqwu~y wy| t}r ~p ~ywu~~z pu rpu~y ( 1000 C . Quxp~p y~ytp ~p rx~y{ prpy , {stp uqpxrpu| - FCC) y uqpxrpu|y |us{ upu tp~~ q|u} ut|pspu up t|~yu|~u sytpr|yu{yu tp r yu}u rx~y{pu sytpr|yu{yz tp rxp~~z ~uzp|~z {z (three-level neutral point clamped converter) - r uy . Rru}u~~z uqpxrpu| p quuyrp ~uqty}z { }|u~~z uy y IGCT yy ~|urz {y . E {|p zr ~|urz {y) ; {|sy~ ; }y~y}yxpy xpp y pqu ~p rt y{|y~~s ~pp ru . Oqtrp~yu , {p{ |utryu , ~ r p{y yxrtru~~ up xr|u ~u us|yu r |pu , rxp~~u q|wyrp~yu} psuspr , ~u |{ ty~ : {~}y uq|u} ~usy ~p yq , {u ~u ru|yyrpu t|sru~ }up~yu{s qtrp~y , y t . Twu r uu}u~~u ~pwu~yu ~~s {p r |pu y|xrp~y }pu}pyu{z ptpyr~z }tu|y |u{tryspu|u} , pu ~p }up||-{yt-|rt~y{r |ur p~xyp xpp~uu pr|u~~} spy{} (qux qp~z rxy pz r}|u r |q} |us{t~} }uu . Xp~z uqpxrpu| uu}u~~s {p , 5 % , t~p{ yx-xp |w~y yu} quuuqz~s yp~y |u{tryspu| . B ur~ur} uqpxrpu|u . Pp{yu{y , tq~z y~uuz , {u xr|y|y tu|p , u} y r~uxp~} {pxu uy uqyu|uz uu}u~~s {p y}u tru q}{y (p~p , xppr| }u~ { rpu~y . Py p{y , y r p~y sytpr|yu{y} yr|u~yu} |u}u~r r |u{yu{ u . Ms~ru~~p }~ |u{yrtp xr|y| ttuwyrp ~~u tpr|u~yu yx qru~~ |u{tryspu| (yx-xp ~ywu~y uq|u}z yx y{rz }~y psuspp . R u} z u}u u} y ~p}{u ty~p{ru ~pwu~yu }puyp|p , ~ p{yu p~u uqpxrpu|y p ru}y yy}y u} ypu|~}y |utry}y , uqpx {y~uyu{ ~usy } t~s uqpxrpu| ruru~~ ~yx { ~ppp~y ~pwu~y y|x pr~}~z y~ru t|wu~ y}u yu}|u}u }p-spqpy~u pp{uyy{y ~psx{y ... <a href="https://prom-electric.ru/articles/1/1/">u}~ p~ uqpxrpu|uz</a>
uqpxrpu| , p t| pr|u~y , r uwy}u pp||u|~ . Tru|yu~yu {p |wq , xr|u y}u~ p{yu p~u uqpxrpu|y } ~pr y ru|yu~yu {p |wq |u{tryspu|uz , {u ~u uq| yx y{rz }~y }p{y}p|~z ru q|wyrpu} t}r . Nu wp|uzu tu~us ~p rtu uqpxrpu| . Mut }t|yy . Py } y}u }t|~ |sy y tp|u{ p~ , y{|pu syttp y u|p r { pr|u~yu y}y y~t{yr~z ~psx{u (|u{tryspu|) , r|u ~ywu~yu }}u~p , qu~~ r uu}u~~z , xr|u u~y ~ptuw~ pq |u{yrtp t| {z }}u~ tryspu| xp u pty uwy}r y{|yy up{yr~z ~usyy . Suqrp~y { sytpr|yu{z ~usyy : R~ywu~y uq|u~y |u{~usyy uq|u |u{yrtp}y r ~~z , quuyrpp y y|p prpyz~ ypyz , r{|p rx}w~ tp| ~yxy pt rt r uwy}u pp||u|~ t{|u~~}y tryspu|}y . B {puru yz . B ~y . B } |pu , q| y tp|uu , {u xpt~ {|ppy y ry ~ptuw~ p~s uqpxrpu| r|u ~upr~}u~ uq|u~y ~usur ruz yu} , p xt~uu p~xyr , yu} pr|u~y py~~~z }py~z , {z }wu q t{|u~ pr|yz {}u . Nu{u yxrtyu|y srpyrp q |py |}{ qtrp~y . Xp~z py~~~z tryspu| , q|uspu ttuw{ y ur|u pr|u~yu qux tpy{r qp~z rxy (us|yr{y y ~uru ~p y|xrp~yu} qp~z rxy , stu y~ru t|wu~ uturrp p uqpxrp~y . B r}|u y py~~~}y tryspu|}y y|y ru {~}yu{s u{p 0 400C y pxz p~s {p , ~ywu~y KPD ; qu tp|u~yu yq{ y pqu ~uty}z t| us|yrp~y tpr|u~y xp u pty uwy}r ~p uu ~r~u s : pu y|xrp|y tryspu| . Sp{wu uzp t~ y~usyrp~~u y|ru }t|y . Yy{u y}u~u~yu p~ uqpxrpu|uz up|yx ru{~u pr|u~yu (pr|u~yu {} ru{p q}{y tryspu| y ~pwu~y }s y}u~ r tryspu| . Bq y~rup t|w~ q s|q{ yxu~ t| uuru~~ uuz . O~r~z u{ ~u uqu y|xrp~y }pu}pyu{z ptpyr~z }tu|y ... <a href="https://prom-electric.ru/articles/1/1/">u}~ p~ uqpxrpu|uz</a>
uqpxrpu| , r{p~ y}|r rx}w~ s|prp~yu pq }s uty~u~y rt~z ys~p| pqprp~y xpy y pr|uu zr (yu}p pr|u~y) , p{yu{y y{|p syttp y t . B r} |pu ~uqty}y ; ty utu|u~~z p , {u ~u ty} y|xrp t| {~| tuw~} u~p|} ; q pp{uyy{y . Py } |pu uqu pr|u}z r}yu| , stu p~ sp}~y{y rt~s ~pwu~y . Bq y~rup , } uqpxrpu| pqp ~p qrtp , IGCT , SIT , }ut} pr|u {p{pt~s uqpxrpu| . ^ q pr|u~y xr|u qzy tp~~u sp~yu~yu u} yx}u~u~y . I~ru ~pwu~y , ~ ~py}u t| {}u~pyy ~upqy|~y rt~s/rt~s ~pwu~yz) y r{p pp {}}pyy r sytpr|yu{ . Puqpxrpu|y Xp (PX) y|y {~p) , ~pu|u~yu} 5026 u|ru{ (~p K-90/35 }~ q|uu u~r uqpxrpu| ~usyy . B }up||syy qu pp~u~yu |y|y uqpxrpu|y twu . Py}u~u~yu p~ uqpxrpu|uz r| srz yrt (p~-pr|u}z yrt uu}u~~s {p , }t|yy t| rrtp ys~p|r qp~z |y~yy @ y yu q|wyrp~yu . Npy}u , xr|yryz uy y qu|rp yrt { pp{uyy{u ~pr yxrty rrt} r ~r~} zrp ~usy rtu|u r ~r~} zrp rustp uqu ~u xyy~yrp~yu }up~yx}p . Xpp uu{|u~y (}t| y|r |rt~y{r {|uz . Np ru|yy~ . R y} y {pwtu y|wu~yu t|w~ q y|xrp~ t| y y~rup y|xu t| y~~~ y|y ru {~}yu{s u{p {~}yy u|p r uqpxrpu|u . K ~y} ~ { uqyu| y u|p r |yyu ~p~s psuspp . B y uwy}r ~p ~yx{y pp f ~u |{ trp ~r~ yp , ~ ~py}u t| utu|u~y ~pyq|uu ~usu}{y}y uqyu|}y r| ~u|y~uz~z ~psx{z , {p r ~psx{u ~|urz {y , t| }u~u~y {|ppy~~ ptr ~p q|wyrp~yu . N qu~~ ~psx{ , p{ {p{ zr , pqp r ~~z { rxqwtu~y ) . . Rq us|yrp~y r|u us|yu}} |u{yrt} , y ~pwu~y , }rs y~rup rurp pp p~xyr , ~uqty} r{yz KPD ... <a href="https://prom-electric.ru/articles/1/1/">u}~ p~ uqpxrpu|uz</a>
uqpxrpu| uu}u~~s {p , pz }up , t~ us|yu}} |u{yrt} |u{tryspu| xp u ~pu~y }puyp|p xptp~~z pp{uyy{z V/f , ptu} ~p xpwy}p ~psx{y . D| us|yrp~y , }ps~y~u }puyp| , q u uy sytpr|yu{z ~usyy , u} yxru~u q {~| {y ~ppp~y ~pwu~y t| ~psx{y y qy|~u p~xy r~u~y}y utu|~}y |u{yu{y}y , ~ y r|psxpyu~~z { , ~py}u , {~|yu}u p{y} p{} }s xp}u~y us|yu}u yrtp r {~}yy ~usyy t| {z y{r} { u r tryspu| . B . B |pu qs p~rp y|y tryspu|}y , xtpyz py}}uy r }psyp|y , r ~psx{u (|u{tryspu|) , {p{ https://prom-electric.ru/articles/8/107057/
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